Geography and History in the Iraq War Essay - 1245 Words

Geography Shapes the Course of Iraq War The course of the Iraq War has been shaped immensely by the geography of the region for nearly 40 years. The movement of Iraq forces throughout the region, for better or worse, has had many effects on the way in which the way has gone. For instance, these forces often threatened certain resources needed by many countries and regions. The result of this was often war or conflict, concluding in a devastating amount of casualties. This also left Iraq with debt as well as very low resources such as food and water. The basis of the whole entire war has been on certain aspects of the geography, which has had a result of creating many small wars throughout this whole ordeal as well as many other†¦show more content†¦During this time the United States had supported Iraq. The Western powers also supported Iraq, helping Saddam with the creation of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. Although, in 1981 Israel attacked and destroyed a nuclea r reactor in which Saddam had hoped to make a bomb. In 1988, both countries eventually agreed to peace. The results of the war were catastrophic with a total of about one million Iraqi and Iranian casualties. Only two years later, Hussein started a war with Kuwait on false claims that it had stolen from Iraqs oilfields. Another one of Husseins false claims was that he stated Kuwait was Iraqs Nineteenth province. With this said, the first Gulf War was started in 1990 (Eugene 4) Within three days, Iraq had taken over Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabian oilfields. In response to this, the United States initiated Operation Desert Shield to protect Saudi Arabia. Operation Desert Storm began only 4 months after Iraqs initial intent on invading Kuwait. Within almost 4 days, US forces drove out Iraq all the way from Kuwait to the southern border of Iraq. Due to this invasion, Iraq was ordered to destroy all weapons and factories that held and created non-conventional weapons. For many year s, Iraq did not cooperate with UN sanctions. Iraq did not destroy its weapons either. On contrary, it used the UNs oil for food program to acquire even more weapons. Following September 11, 2001, the United States began to make itShow MoreRelatedInternational Relations During World War II1344 Words   |  6 PagesMatteson September 19, 2014 Honors International Relationsâ€Æ' Contents Introduction 3 Early History 3 Recent History 4 Current Conditions 6 Geography 6 Domestic Policy 6 Religion 6 Terrorist Groups 7 Government 8 Political Structure 8 Significant Leaders 8 Economy 8 International Relations 8 The United States 8 (Other Nations†¦) 8 Global Issues with Precedence 8 (Issues†¦) 8 Outlook 8 â€Æ' Introduction Early History Before adopting the name Iran in 1935, the country was known as Persia. At this point, RazaRead MoreHistory Of Iran1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthose interesting countries that most everyone thinks is solely an enormous desert, but in reality it is a whole lot more than just a desert where nobody lives. Iran is important when it comes to the definition of a culture, physical geography and military conflict history, weather analysis, civil considerations, and people. Culture plays a big role when it comes to visiting countries. Everything that a society should consist of is included in the culture. According to Merriam-Webster’s DictionaryRead MoreAutonomy In Kurk751 Words   |  4 Pagesnorthern Iraq on 25 September. On September 25, 2017, the Kurds of northern Iraq voted to seek after a free state. The United States should support the Kurds offered for autonomy. In his first inaugural address, Ronald Reagan laid out his vision for re-setting up the United States as a model of flexibility and an encouraging sign for the individuals who dont presently have opportunity. Today, as features are overwhelmed by the developing danger postured by the radicals of Islamic State of Iraq and SyriaRead MoreThe Syrian Arab Republic, A Country On The Continent Of Asia1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Syrian Arab Republic also known as Syria is a country on the continent of Asia. It lies on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. It shares borders with Turkey on the north and northeast, Iraq on the east, Jordon on the south, Israel and Lebanon on the south west and its coastal region on the west. The land geographically consist Mountain ranges, rivers, desert, plains and coastal area. It is approximately 72,000 square miles, and the climate is hot and dry. Syria capitalRead MoreChange over Time Essay: Mesopotamia from 2000 Bce to Current Day1078 Words   |  5 Pagescity-states such as Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Assur, Ninevah, Ur, Uruk, Mari, and Babylon were developed as the population grew. In current day the geography of the region has changed over time from a series of cities to its current day countries. Today, the Tigris and Euphrates start in the mountains of modern day Turkey, and flow southeast through Syria, Iraq, and parts of Iran. Additionally The population has grown significantly since ancient Mesopotamia which has lead to the growth of villages, townsRead MoreEssay on Kurds - A People Without a State1924 Words   |  8 Pagesand Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper. History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (HitchensRead MoreIraq Is A Multicultural Country1220 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Iraq is a multicultural country that is located in the Middle East. Iraq borders Kuwait to the south, Saudi Arabia the south, Jordan the west, Syrian Arab Republic to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the East. For the past hundred years, Iraq has been in conflict with numerous countries. During the past few decades, The United States of America started its war with Iraq due to terrorist act against the United States and Kuwait. The Gulf War started inRead MoreCauses of Unrest in the Middle East Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Causes of Unrest in the Middle East The causes of unrest in the Middle East are historical, religious, economic and geo-political. Ancient history and ancient civilizations can serve as a framework for understanding some of the existing enmity. For example, the Persians (Iranians) and the Babylonians (Iraqis) have been fighting for more than 3,000 years. However, the current unrest in the Middle East is the result of Western ethno-centrism and colonialism (covert and overt), combined withRead MoreGlobal War On Terrorism And Terrorism1367 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal War On Terrorism   Ã‚  Ã‚   The attack executed in the United States on September 11, 2001 was one of the worst attacks and acts of war ever seen in U.S. history. On that day 2,996 innocent people were killed, over 6,000 people were injured, and about $10 billion in structural and infrastructure damages was caused. The cost added up to $3 trillion in total.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Global War on Terrorism is a metaphor of war referring to the global military campaign led by the United States of America. The war isRead MoreThe Middle East: A Brief Overview Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle East is a region in Southwest Asia that includes the countries of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, U.A.E., Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan. The aspects that make up all that is geography in the Middle East include physical geography, economic geography, religion, and human history. The Middle East is known for its physical geography, being the largest area of dry climate in the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Southwest Asia is mostly desert

The Incarceration Of Women Prisons - 1298 Words

Women Incarceration in US prisons Incarceration of women in United States prisons due to drugs-related cases is increasing at an alarming rate. Incarceration serves as one of the main punishment and rehabilitation of drugs-related offenses. While some are in to drugs abuse and trade willingly, others are innocently involved. It could be because of being used to distribute on behalf of their husbands or boyfriends, or even by simply living with people who are involved in the trade. In fact, 70% are those imprisoned due to non-violent drug-related crimes (American Jail Association. 2014). Life of women in prison is faced with a lot of challenges than that of men. First of all, bearing in mind that most of these women have young children to take care of, it is quite devastating to be separated from their babies. Such undergo psychological trauma which weighs them down to almost unrecoverable state. Especially those caught under conspiracy laws find the judgment quite harsh because they could be totally innocent. Living with a husband or a boyfriend who deals with drugs doesn’t mean that they conspire. It could all along be happening in high secrecy such that the wife or girlfriend doesn’t know their partners involvement. When a woman is caught and incarcerated under such a circumstance, they will definitely suffer psychologically. This doesn’t mean that others caught under conspiracy or even direct trade of drugs do not suffer. They equally suffer psychologically because thereShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Women s Prisons1584 Words   |  7 Pag esJessica Guallpa 16 December 2015 Incarceration of Women Women s prisons in general are much more different and complicated than a men s prison. When entering a women s prison, the first thing that you need to know is it has changed significantly over the years. Women first began to make an appearance in prisons in the earlier years, but were not heavily charged as comparison to men. In the earlier years of the 1870’s the United States began placing women in correctional facilities separate fromRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican youth will experience a parent’s incarceration. Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents experience emotional problems, socioeconomic problems, and cognitive disturbances (Miller, 2007). In this paper, I will discuss the impact of mass incarceration in the African American community and its effect on African American children. Incidence and Prevalence Until the 1970’s America was on par with Germany and France in incarceration rates (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015) Read MoreRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history points out and starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarcerated are adversely affected due to the discrimination as well as the discrimination against African American students and their likelihood of going to prison compared to the white studentRead MoreThe United States : A Growing Problem With Women1553 Words   |  7 PagesStates has a growing problem with women in the criminal justice system. There has been a dramatic increase of women since the 1980’s. In addition, the increas e of women has brought mothers into the equation. Pregnant mothers who are allowed to keep their newborn while incarcerated has been theorized to have many positive results. Including a higher chance of a positive reentry, allow bonding time between the mother and her child, and easing the pain of their incarceration. Laws vary from state to stateRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society1492 Words   |  6 Pagesabout mass incarceration has it that mass incarceration is putting a stop to crimes. Today it has become common to dismiss the truth about mass incarceration. The Editorial Board of New York Times Magazine acknowledge that America`s imprisonment population has progressed to about 2.2 million (the Editorial Board). The Editorial Board is basically saying America is locking up more people than any country nationwide. What`s the solution? This has been going on since the 1970`s . The prison system containsRead MoreThe American Justice System Is Corrupt1536 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesthat away from people who have done something wrong even when it s for petty stuff like writing a bad check. Some stuff is understandable like murder or other stuff, but some is outrageous. The American prison population has been absolutely ridiculous; it s crazy for the U.S. To have such high prison rates. The more you know about it the more frustrating it gets, and if you ask almost anyone you would think so too. The only people who might agree are big business s owners like American Express andRead MoreThe American Education System1437 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung ages. The educational system has taken a backseat when it comes to funding prisons; youths have chosen to live a life of crime, as education has become less substantial than money and resources allocated to prisons. Although television shows such as Lock Up or Lock Down expose the harsh realities of the wars that are ongoing in prison, the war on education has taken a substantial effect on young men and women, and has landed several youths to be housed among the general population, which isRead More Are Prisons Effective? Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesAre Prisons Effective? Imprisonment; is it beneficial or non-beneficial? This argument is presented from the viewpoint of both sides of this issue. One group, The Council on Crime in America, is pro-incarceration; while on the other side of this issue, The National Criminal Justice Commission, is con-incarceration. Both sides have presented their viewpoints clearly and factually. Those who are for incarceration present their opinions in such a way as to sway the reader toward acceptingRead More1. Describe the basis of feminist criminology.877 Words   |  4 Pagesit had on society was largely ignored by the criminological futurity. Those Criminologist who did attempt to research female crime such as Thomas and Pollak were not only very damning of women but were also very condescending, choosing to stereotype them as either Madonna or whore (Feinman). Law abiding women were described as passive, obedient, chastic, childlike whereas the deviant as aggressive, defiant, sexually impulsive, becomingly adult and even masculine in nature. (Law.jrank.org/pages1218/feministRead MoreMale And Female Sentencing : A Look Into Alternative Sentencing1274 Words   |  6 PagesA Look into Alternative Sentencing Ritchey, Christian American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for CRMJ201. Abstract With incarceration rates rising and jail and prison populations at an all-time high, alternative sentencing is being used more often with non-violent offenders. This paper looks at male and female incarceration rates, the use of alternative programs for sentencing between the two and the effectiveness of such programs. During the paper we will analyze sentencing

Advanced Marketing Management

Questions: 1. What does the phrase "exchange relationship" mean in relation to marketing? 2. Tupperware uses a business model that relies on women running their own businesses as agents of Tupperware. Tupperware successfully exports to China and India. Explain why these countries provide attractive markets for Tupperware. 3. What is the difference between green marketing and greenwashing? 4. A large chain amusement park sells tickets at its main gate for guests who are visiting the park for just that one day. The park also sells seasonal passes that can only be used on weekdays. What market segmentation is being implemented by the amusement park? Answers: Explanation of Exchange Relationship The concept of relationship marketing has the objective towards developing mutually pleasing long-term relationship with key customers towards earn as well as keep business in a good manner. The idea of relationship marketing makes towards long, technological, and societal ties among the parties[1]. However, relationship marketing based towards communication within network of relationships and marketing seen as link networks and communications. There are certain methods, which are used to develop a long-term relationship with different customers to develop a healthy relationship with their clients. On the other hand, the notion of the transitional marketing is to focus all the marketing efforts towards developing a healthy as well as a proper relation with the customers. To evaluate the values and strategies as well as the strategies in different kinds of relationship marketing which will be an emphasis on customers relationships turned into practical applications is the idea of the consumer relationship management. Customer loyalty and satisfactions needs to be analyzed, which concludes the following points that need to be reflected. Some of the key features towards maintaining a healthy as well as proper customer base includes less price sensitive, more likely to talk favorable about the products and services which the organization is offerings and liable to refer the same goods and services to others and remain loyal customers for an extended period[2]. To evaluate the notion of the relationship marketing, there are five basic levels which need to be executed in a proper manner includes in the following part of the assignment. Basic marketing, relative marketing, accountable, marketing, proactive marketing, and partnership marketing are some of the common factors, which need to be analyzed to expand the notion of the relationship marketing[3]. The application of essential marketing includes the salesperson who sales to its last customers, which is known as, direct marketing as well as direct sales. Reactive marketing involves the sale person who purchases the manufactured goods and encourages the customers to call for any explanation or any components and any inquiries[4]. The application of the accountable promotion includes the sales person who calls different clients to ensure whether the products as well as services is working as per satisfaction and is there is any kinds of problem in the goods and services or not. Furthermost the company also asks the customer for any suggestions or any nature of feedbacks to improve the quality of the products and services, which the organization is offering to its clients to take the responsibility for the sale. With a view of productive marketing, the company works continuously with its customers database to improve the performance of the business operations. This particular conce pt implemented in different kinds of financial organizations. However, at the same point of time, various types of the commercial market include the company to make changes on a regular basis. The concept of the partnership marketing can be explained towards maintaining the companys works continuously with its outsized customers to get better its overall performance[5]. The final points that need to be evaluated are to demonstrate the impact of the corporate social responsibility, which a part of the profit needs to be contributed towards the backward section of the society. The overall business operations should not be liable ethically to the stakeholders but also to the group of people, environment and towards a sustainable planet at large. If an organization develops, a proper CSR program will allow the company to be benefited in certain ways as it about how different companies manage the business process to produce an overall positive impact on the society. Sometimes the application of CSR can be explained as the responsibility of the corporations to go beyond what the rules and legislations require them to do. These are the factors, which needs to be developed to maintain an exchange relationship in the marketing[6]. Green Marketing and Green Washing The concept of green marketing is towards marketing of different kinds of products as well as services that are presumed to be environmentally safe. However, the application of green marketing is the overall process towards selling products as well as services, which are based on the environmental benefits. Some of the advantages, which are highlighted to explain the overall green impact of green marketing, are as reflected in the following part of the assignment. Mutual benefit, a competitive edge, raising ecological demands of the customers and higher profit margins are the key factors, which are developed to explain the overall impact of green marketing in the business operations. Different companies irrespective of nature, as well as the size of the business, develops different kinds of legislative to maintain a proper green marketing in the overall business operations. Environmental protection is one of the growing concerns worldwide where customers are becoming more conscious a bout different kinds of impacts on the environment. On the other hand, different manufacturers have recognized various environmental concerns as a source of competitive advantages. The notion of green washing can be explained as the misleading different customers regarding the environmental practices of a company towards benefits of products. There are different kinds of disadvantages, which can be concluded towards the application of green marketing in the business operations. However, there are various organizations spends a lot of time towards claiming that to be green by applying different modes of the marketing mix. The notions of green marketing, as well as the concept of the green washing, are not related to each other[7]. various organizations irrespective of the nature and objectives of the business claims that they are maintaining a proper greenery in the firm by applying different modes of marketing, which is not true. In a society that is increasing conscious of its harmful impact on the normal world, it is no surprise corporation to complete the customer support by promoting themselves as environmentally friendly or green in the business operations [8]. The notions of green marketing as well as the notion of green washing are very different as compared in the different kinds of marketing structure. Due to global warming there are some of the necessary measures that need to be covered towards the development process of a sustainable green marketing. However, the concept of green marketing will allow different organization to get benefited in certain ways and on the other hand, the notion of the green washing is a adverse concept which allows the organizations to clam that they are using different kinds of effective measures[9]. Business plans and polices of Tupperware Tupperware Brand Corporation is an American multinational company, which directly sales to its products to its customers globally. The organization operates its business across the major cities of the globe. The objective of the assignment is to highlight as well as well as evaluate all the important factors, which will conclude why Tupperware is very much successful towards exporting products to China and India. At present China as well as India are the two most growing as well as booming markets globally. Both India, as well as China, is the two important countries of the BRICS Nations. Both the market structure of India, as well as the market structure of China, maintains a sustained level of growth as well as sustainability to execute all the plans and actions of the business operations in a well-diversified manner[10]. The following part of the assignment will evaluate all the relevant as well as all the crucial factors, which will conclude the overall elements, which affects th e proceedings of the business in a well-executed manner by maintaining different kinds of guidelines[11]. One of the most important factors, which need to be considered, is the overall agency functions, which both the market of China, as well as India, offers to different multinational companies. There are certain factors of production, which needs to highlight to execute the application of the marketing mix[12]. One of the most significant points, which need to be highlighted, is different kinds of agency functions, which both the markets offers various kinds of international companies including Tupperware. The role of a factor of production is something that is used to produce some output, which is an also known as a productive resource. For examples buildings, machinery, land, labor, and raw materials are some of the key factors, which needs to be focused towards the development process of a marketing research. On the other hand, factor market includes a market for a factor of production. On the contrary, the role of the supply chain management, which includes the inbound logistics as well as the outbound logistics, contributes a significant aspect for different kinds of manufacturing companies. Both in India as well as in China majority of the organization, which operates its business in the country, gets the right opportunity to develop both inbound logistics as well as outbound logistics which guides the organization to maintain a sustained level of inventory management to meet the demand of the market[13]. However, the idea of the factor market, as well as the concept of the product market, contributes a significant aspect, which includes resources such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneur. On the other hand, goods and services bought and sold on a product market. All the factors, which are discussed in the assignment, are easily available at a very low cost as compared with the other countries. The cost factor is one of the most significant parts, which concludes the overview of both the marketing structures[14]. The economic concept for the Tupperware is the same in the both country for Tupperware. The demand for a factor of production derived from the need for the goods and services or service produced from that resource. There are different kinds of research works, which this particular organization developed in towards implementing all the business plans and policies in China and India. The overall business plans, as well as business policies, will be executed in a proper manner, which will evaluate the overall operations in the right way. At present different companies irrespective of nature as well as objectives of the business try to implement all the plans and policies of the discussions in these two countries. Different kinds of research work concluded that there is a diverse operation of all the business plans, and the various organizations get different kinds of attractive business policies in these two countries, which provide an exciting offering. Tupperware was able to develop a substantial business operation in these two BRICS nation as it provides a diverse range of customers with different kinds of tastes as well as preferences. Bibliography Aaker D,Marketing Research(John Wiley Sons 2013) Cateora P, Gilly M and Graham J,International Marketing(McGraw-Hill Irwin 2013) Daniel S,Principles Of Marketing(Kendall Hunt 2012) Emery B,Sustainable Marketing(Pearson 2012) Gupta D, Massisimo A and Koontz C,Marketing Library And Information Services II(De Gruyter 2013) Hood D,The Marketing Manifesto(Kogan Page 2013) Jobber D,Principles And Practice Of Marketin+(McGraw-Hill 2012) Kotler P and Armstrong G,Principles Of Marketing(Pearson Prentice Hall 2012) Kotler P,Principles Of Marketing(Pearson/Prentice-Hall 2012) Kurtz D and Boone L,Principles Of Contemporary Marketing(Southwestern Cengage Learning 2012) Malhotra N,Review Of Marketing Research(Emerald 2013) Martin D and Schouten J,Sustainable Marketing(Pearson Prentice Hall 2012) Pride W,Marketing Principles(Cengage Learning 2012) Tanner J and Raymond M,Principles Of Marketing(Flat World Knowledge 2012) [1] David A Aaker, Marketing Research (John Wiley Sons 2013). [2] Philip R Cateora, Mary C Gilly and John L Graham,International Marketing(McGraw-Hill Irwin 2013). [3] Esther Thorson and Margaret Duffy,Advertising Age(South-Western Cengage Learning 2012). [4] Sarah Daniel,Principles Of Marketing(Kendall Hunt 2012). [5] Barry Emery,Sustainable Marketing(Pearson 2012). [6] Dinesh K Gupta, Angels Massisimo and Christie Koontz,Marketing Library And Information Services II(De Gruyter 2013). [7] David J Hood,The Marketing Manifesto(Kogan Page 2013). [8] William M Pride,Marketing Principles(Cengage Learning 2012). [9] John F Tanner and Mary Anne Raymond,Principles Of Marketing(Flat World Knowledge 2012). [10] David Jobber,Principles And Practice Of Marketin+(McGraw-Hill 2012). [11] Diane Martin and John Schouten,Sustainable Marketing(Pearson Prentice Hall 2012). [12] Naresh K Malhotra,Review Of Marketing Research(Emerald 2013). [13] Philip Kotler,Principles Of Marketing(Pearson/Prentice-Hall 2012). [14] David L Kurtz and Louis E Boone,Principles Of Contemporary Marketing(Southwestern Cengage Learning 2012). [15] Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong,Principles Of Marketing(Pearson Prentice Hall 2012).

Rhetorical Modes Matrix free essay sample

Rhetorical modes are various methods for effectively communicating through language and writing. Complete the following chart to identify the purpose and structure of the various rhetorical modes used in academic writing. Provide at least two tips for writing each type of rhetorical device. Rhetorical mode Purpose Explain when or why each rhetorical mode is used. Structure Explain what organizational method works best with each rhetorical mode. Tips Provide two tips for writing in each rhetorical mode. NarrationTelling stories is narration. Chronological order is the best organizational method; this method puts ideas in order according to time. To create strong details keep human sense in mind. When writing, be sure to understand what the purpose is from the start, this will help decide if the writing is fictional or factual. IllustrationShows or demonstrates something clearly. Order of importance is the best organizational method. This method arranges ideas according to their significance. Vary the phrases of illustration, to keep the reader’s attention to the writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Modes Matrix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over explaining concepts may cause readers to feel like their intelligence is insulted. DescriptionMakes sure the audience is fully absorbing the words on the page. Spatial order is the best method. This method arranges ideas, according to physical characteristics or appearances. Avoid empty descriptions if possible. Make an effort to use details or descriptions that express thoughts that will register to others. ClassificationBreaks down large subjects into smaller and more specific parts. Starting with an introduction and thesis topic, the body is next. The body lists categories, which are broke down into sub-categories; and the essay will have a strong conclusion. When writing, break down the topic three ways, helps the reader learn and see it in new ways. Smaller broken down parts can be very interesting. Process analysisExplains how to do something or how something works. By clearly writing a detailed introduction, body, and conclusion. Every detail is in chronological order. Clearly written directions will be the most effective. Mistakes can be found when another person reads the paper. DefinitionMeans to define something, such as words or phrases. Defining a term or phrase is the first thing to happen. Next is a thesis and the essay body explains the context of the definition. The conclusion pulls the essay together and reinforces the thesis. Avoid simple words; they are ineffective when writing a definition essay. Write about something personal because it will be more engaging. Comparison and contrastExplores the similarities between two or more items. A compare and contrast essay can be written two ways. The first way is to focus on one topic and describe its pros and cons, and move to the next topic. The second way is to write about the compared matters one after the other in a back-and-forth pattern. The introductory paragraph should contain information about each subject or events getting compared. Write why comparing and contrasting is worth the reader’s attention. Cause and effect Traces the causes of a particular event or situation, to describe effects or both. Typically a cause-and-effect paper has an introductory paragraph defining or clarifying the subject itself, and stating the nature of the paper; a body of several to many paragraphs, and a brief concluding paragraph. When writing a cause-and-effect paper, explain events so readers who may know a little, but never heard the entire story of how the events are linked by logical cause and effect. Persuasion A mode of persuasion uses statistics and facts. Persuasion is clearly a sort of demonstration; the modes of persuasion are furnished by the spoken word. There are three kinds, persuasion is achieved by the speakers personal character, Second, persuasion may come through the hearers, and Third, persuasion is affected through the speech. Name specific things to inject some emotion into arguments. Metaphors and storytelling are powerful tools of persuasion.

long days journey into night essays

long day's journey into night essays >LONG DAYS JOURNEY INTO NIGHT For many generations now, dysfunction, for whatever reason, has been a more common dynamic in the relations of the modern family. Many writers have captured this dynamic in their work for a plethora of reasons. Some may do it simply to get the reader to identify, while others may do it to give us a bit of insight into the dysfunctional life, regardless of weather we can relate or not. This was the case in Eugene ONeills classic play, Long Days Journey Into Night. In his work, he tries to show the reader that dysfunctional dynamics are not resulted from one, maladjusted member of the family, but rather the result of the defects and shortcomings of many if not all members of the family, each adding something to the cycle of defectiveness. He uses the nuclear familiar characters, Tyrone, Mary, and Jamie to illustrate this. One example would be the father of the household, James Tyrone. Tyrone has influence over the entire household. His first mistake is the way in which he always tries to protect or to boost the self-esteem of his wife, Mary, so as to avoid upsetting her. This does not help Mary in the long run. Another of Tyrones faults is the way that he always suspects, doubts, or disapproves of his son Jamie. Given, Jamie is a bum with no ambition, but Tyrone fails to see that constant criticism and debasing of Jamie only hurts the situation. One of these incidents can be found in act one, scene one: Tyrone and Mary are eating, and the boys are in the other room talking. They hear the boys laugh, and Tyrone heads straight for Jamie. Mary- Well, no matter what the joke is about, its a relief to hear Edmund laugh. Hes been so down in the mouth lately. Tyrone- Some joke of Jamies, Ill wager. Hes forever making sneering fun of somebody, that one. Rather that motivating or giving i...

7 Secrets to Success in English 101

7 Secrets to Success in English 101 Welcome to English 101- sometimes called freshman English or college composition. Its the one course that almost every first-year student in every American college and university is required to take. And it should be one of the most enjoyable and rewarding courses in your college life. But to succeed in anything, it helps to be prepared. Heres how to best prepare for English 101.   1. Know Your Writing Handbookand Use It Many instructors of freshman English assign two textbooks: a reader (that is, a collection of essays or literary works) and a writing handbook. Early in the term, make friends with the handbook: it can answer most of your questions about planning, drafting, revising, and editing an essay. Open your handbook to the section titled How to Use This Book. Find out how to locate information by using menus and checklists (usually printed on the inside covers) along with the books index and table of contents. Also find the glossary of usage and the guides to documentation (both are usually near the back). After you have spent 10 to 15 minutes learning how to find information in the handbook, youre ready to put the book to use- not only when youre editing your work but also when youre trying to focus a topic, organize a paragraph, or revise an essay. Your handbook should soon become a dependable reference work, one that youll want to hold on to after youve passed this composition course. 2. Read Twice: Once for Pleasure, Once for Facts As for that other textbook, the collection of essays or literary works, above all else get ready to enjoy the readings. Whether the topic is a current controversy or an ancient myth, keep in mind that your instructors want to share with you their love of reading- not punish you (and themselves) with texts that nobody cares about. Whenever youre assigned an essay or a story, get in the habit of reading it at least twice: the first time through simply for enjoyment; the second time with a pen in hand to take notes that will help you remember what you have read. Then, when it comes time to discuss the work in class, speak up and share your thoughts. After all, sharing ideas is what college is all about. 3. Use Your College Writing Center For many college students, the most welcoming spot on campus is the writing center (sometimes called a writing lab). Its a place where trained tutors offer individual assistance on all aspects of the composing process. Never feel embarrassed about visiting the writing center. Believe me, its not the place where dummies go. Just the opposite: its where highly motivated students go for help in organizing essays, formatting bibliographies, mending run-on sentences, and much more. If your college doesnt have a writing center or if youre enrolled in an online composition class, you can still take advantage of at least some of the services of a writing center. 4. Review the Basic Grammatical Structures and Terms Instructors of freshman composition expect you to arrive in their classes with some understanding of basic English grammar and usage. However, if your high school English classes focused more on reading literature than on composing essays, your memory of sentence parts may be a bit hazy. It would be smart then to spend an hour or so at the start of term reviewing the basics of grammar.   5. Prepare to Move Beyond the Five-Paragraph Essay Odds are good that you already know how to compose a five-paragraph essay: introduction, three body paragraphs, conclusion. In fact, you probably composed one or two of these short essays as part of the admissions process at your college or university.   Now, be prepared in your college English class to go beyond the simple formula of the five-paragraph essay. Building on familiar principles (regarding thesis statements and topic sentences, for example), you will have opportunities to compose longer essays using a variety of organizational methods. Dont be intimidated by these longer assignments- and dont feel that you have to toss out all that you already know about composing essays. Build on your experience, and get ready for fresh challenges. Come to think of it, thats also what college is all about! 6. Use Online Resources Wisely Though your textbooks should keep you pretty busy, at times you may find it helpful to supplement them with online resources. Your first stop should be the website that your instructor or the publisher of your handbook has prepared. There youre likely to find exercises to help you develop particular writing skills along with examples of different writing projects. 7. Dont Plagiarize! Finally, a word of warning. On the web, youll find plenty of sites offering to sell you essays. If youre ever tempted to rely on one of these sites, please resist the urge. Submitting work thats not your own is called plagiarism, a nasty form of cheating. And in most colleges and universities, students face major penalties for cheating- penalties far more serious than receiving a low grade on a hastily written paper.

Federal financial aid in relation to rising tuition costs Essay

Federal financial aid in relation to rising tuition costs - Essay Example It never seems that governmental intervention is desired in most businesses and likely colleges and universities are no different. Those who might argue against the partial cost reimbursement program might suggest that this is a form of price control (Hauptman, 1998) which would give governmental regulators considerable authority over university and college business. However, the evidence does not suggest that partial reimbursement of tuition costs is price control rather it is designed to lessen the burdens on tuition-paying students, especially those with lower-level income brackets. Additional arguments related to price control might suggest that this would be a tactic to create a form of competitiveness between rival universities and colleges, at a time when consumer incomes are down, to give some universities with a higher financial portfolio an edge over less-affluent or cash-rich universities. From a microeconomic perspective, the activities of the college or university related to reimbursement programs might ensure a higher volume of interested students than those universities which do not provide partial cost reimbursements. This would not be a value to the student if they were denied partial reimbursements to assist with day-to-day needs such as clothing and in-house meals. Partial cost reimbursement would also provide students with the necessary tools to succeed. Morris and Maisto (2005) offer a unique theory of human needs proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in which the needs of students start out at the most basic, such as food and water (physiological) and progress through a series of stages until they reach self-actualization, or the pinnacle of their human capacity. Under this model, it is theorized that no individual can progress through self-development until basic fundamental needs are met. The partial cost reimbursement program, as modeled by Maslow’s theory, would provide students with a wide variety of physiological

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Comparison - Essay Example At the end of the play, Nora’s secrets get reveled to Torvald and she discovered that despite of her eight years marriage with Torvald, she must find courage to leave him. â€Å"Trifles† written by Susen Glaspel is based on a true story. It revolves around investigation of the murder of a farmer John Wright. The prime suspect of the murder is John Wright’s wife, Mrs. Wright; who claims she was sleeping when someone strangled her husband. The investigation is carried out by the sheriff, his wife, the attorney and two neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Hale. In this play, it has been shown that men discourage women and their capabilities. The investigation carried out by the men is entirely based on forensic evidence where women critically analyzed the case accordingly. Therefore by comparison, we will be able to observe that both dramas discus about what it means to be a woman; how men are found to be holding power over women; role of two genders have always seen to evolve an d change especially in the case of women that they have always struggled for their rights. Also we shall see how women can take an action and stand up for themselves. However we shall also put light on the difference of both women’s character. In comparison of both dramas, gender identity has found to be the main aspect in which a evaluation can be made. In â€Å"Trifles†, it has been seen that the sheriff, the attorney and Mr. Hale ignore the point of view of Mrs. Wright and neglect the critical evidences of the dreary marriage life that Mr. and Mrs. Wright had. Basically the argument of this drama is ‘how woman worry over trifles’ and one can analyze that the play successfully depicts the qualities of women as they tend to worry over minor things. In the same way the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† depicts the characters of woman living a troublesome married life. Nora’s husband Torvald in

Boston Beer Essay Example for Free

Boston Beer Essay Boston Beer Company is the maker of Samuel Adams brand beer and the beer industry’s leading craft brewer. On the year of 1995, the Boston Beer filed a registration statement with the U. S. SEC for an initial public stock. Now let’s start from the strategy direction of Boston Beer for analyzing the company. Strategies of Boston Beer Company in its beginning stage of the business were 1) outsourcing beer production facilities instead of building new facilities which requires approximately 10 million capital investment 2) marketing customers by appealing customer’s sense of patriotism in order to attack the imported beers. Boston Beer Company’s competitive advantages can be signified by sources of beer industries and its competitors. The re-reemergence of the craft breweries segment in 1990s had affected the decline of mass-produced beer companies. An increase of health and safety consciousness of beer consumers caused the market for distinctive and flavorful beers. Because of the new trend and customer needs in beer industry, Boston Beer Company was able to grow rapidly. Exhibit 1 shows the tremendous growth of U. S.craft brewing industry barrels and Boston Beer Company is a beneficiary and one of the leading companies that take the lead of the craft brewing market growth. Furthermore, Boston Beer Company’s outsourcing facilities in its early stage of the production and marketing approach to its customers lead the company to have the strategic advantage over its rival entities within competitive beer industry. Boston Beer Company’s income statement and balance sheet (Exhibit 3, 4) show the company has been growing rapidly with a significant growth of revenue and income. Notable competitors’ public stock offering transaction also strengthen the idea that set range of the stock price (10 to 15 dollars) of the company’s bankers can be adjusted to the level of its competitors (17 to 16 dollars per share) because of the growth rate of the company and its healthy financial situation. Currently, Boston Beer using dual-class structure, Class A and Class B, for its equities part. The company’s Class A Common Stock is not entitled to any voting rights, except for the right as a class to approve certain mergers and charter and by-law amendments and to elect a minority of the directors of the company. The Class B Common Stock has full voting rights. As of today, C. James Koch was the sole holder of record of all the company’s issued and outstanding Class B Common Stock. Boston Beer chosen a dual-class structure for its IPO because it would like to ensure that the firms founders and top executives maintained control. Thus, dual-class shares satisfy owners who dont want to give up control, but do want the public equity market to provide financing. In some cases, company performance may benefit from the existence of dual-class shares. Founders often have a longer term vision than investors focused on the most recent quarterly figures. Since stock that provides extra voting rights often cannot be traded, it ensures the company will have a set of loyal investors during rough patches. On the other hand, it can be seen as downright unfair. It creates an inferior class of shareholders and hand over power to a select few, who are then allowed to pass the financial risk onto others. Normally, the existence of dual class shares would be a problem if an investor believed the disproportionate voting rights were allowing inferior management to remain in place in spite of the best interests of shareholders. For outside investors, they should always research the details of a companys share classes if they are considering investing in a firm with more than one class. Due to the sole holder of company’s Class B common stock, it means that The Class B shareholder has significant influence over the company. Mr. Koch is able to exercise substantial influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the composition of the board of directors and approval of equity-based and other executive compensation and other significant corporate matters. This could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company and will make most transactions difficult or impossible to accomplish without the support of Mr. Koch. The risk of investing in the Boston Beer Company first is located on the competitive pressures of the beer industry. With this situation, the profit margins will be declining due to competition on prices and higher production costs on specialty beers. Since the flavor is important for customer’s choices and the eruption of competition in the craft beer industry had increased the pressure to introduce new beers to maintain and grow market share, the research and development facility investment for new product development is increasing each year, together with the increased advertising, promotional and selling expenses. With the expansion of scale and size of the company, Boston Beer also invested more and more on capital expenditures, in 1995 Boston Beer invested $4. 5 million on capital expenditures increase and in 1996 invested another $13 million for related technology equipment at its contract brewing facilities. The large investment on asset-based financing arrangements could take large amount of cash flow and newer technology will raise the dilemma of more investment on updating for new equipment, which can cause the broken of normal cash flow operation. From Exhibit 5 we can see that the capital raised form initial Public Stock Offerings from 1993 to 1995 can vary a lot from $34 million in 1993 drop to about $19. 8 million in 1994, the wave of raised capital can have large effect on decision making process. There was always the potential that the IPO could be under-subscribed and therefore pulled from the market. Then the company would thus miss an opportunity to raise much-needed capital. Before the IPO, Boston Beer was organized as a limited partnership which would be dissolved in November 1995. And at the time of dissolution, the company would distribute $12. 5 million to its existing partners, The IPO proceeds would be used to immediately repay the debt incurred in dissolving the original partnership. Also, the company was planning to use $7 million of the proceeds to fund capital expenditures in 1996, while the remaining proceeds were to be used to fund working capital expenses or invested in investment grade securities. Talking about the over-capitalization, this is a situation when total of owned and borrowed capital exceed its fixed and current assets. An over capitalized company can be like a very fat person who cannot carry his weight properly, which is, in great troubles. There are many causes of over capitalization. First is the idle fund, money may be living idle in banks or in the form of low yield investments. Second is the over-valuation, some fixed assets, especially goodwill, may be over-valued. Third, the fall in value can let some inventories have much higher book value than the real economic value, according to the wave of price of inventories. And the forth, the inadequate depreciation provision can also be the reason for over-capitalization. For the fair value of stocks based on two different valuation methods; the discount cash flow model and the free cash flow model. First we use the discount cash flow method to value the Boston Beer Company’s fair value. (Please see the analyze process in Exhibit 1) First, we use the income before tax from the exhibit 3 in the year 1995. Because the case did not offer the depreciation fee, we assume the depreciation to be 0. Even though the tax rate changes slightly every year, we use the tax rate in the year 1995. From the form above, we can see the change in net working capital and capital expenditure is very small in the year 1995. But from the case we know that after the company raises money from the IPO, the company was planning to use $7 million of the proceeds to fund capital expenditures in 1996. And the remaining proceeds were to be used to fund working capital expenses or invested in investment grade securities. Because we are valuing the firm before IPO and do not know the exact number the firm will spend on the working capital and capital expenditure. We assume the firm will increase stable. We calculate the free cash flow of year 1995 using income before tax*(1-tax rate)-change in net working capital-capital expenditure. Then we use the growth rate from 1996 to 2000 to calculate each year’s estimate free cash flow. We use the discount rate 10%, the perpetuity growth rate 5% and the free cash flow of year 2000 to calculate the terminal value. Terminal value= free cash flow in 2000*(1+growth rate) / (discount rate- growth rate). Then use the discount rate, all the free cash flow and the terminal value to calculate the fair value of the company. The value of the Boston Beer Company is around 244 million. From the exhibit 3 in the case, we know the shares outstanding in year 1995 are 18273000. The case said that a total of 3984215 shares were to be offered in Boston Beer’s IPO, of which the company would issue 2540379 shares to raise capital for expansion. In addition, existing partners would sell 1443836 shares. Therefore, the new issued share would be 2540379. After add the new issued share to the original shares, we can calculate the stock price using the fair value. So the stock price=fair value/ total shares outstanding. The stock price we estimate is around 11. 74 dollar/share. The second method is for the free cash flow model in evaluating the company’s value. The first assumption is to assume that Boston Beer will pay dividend so that we can use the dividend discount model to find a fair value. The growth rates are 40% in 1996-1997 and 30% in 1998-1999 and 5 thereafter. We assumed that ROE will be constant at 47. 39% and EPS in 1995 is 0. 35 (both figures was given in the case’s exhibit 3 but should use the annualized number). Retention ratio comes from growth/ROE. All assumptions are listed in the table below. Based on these assumptions, we find that the fair value of stock at the time in the case should be $15. 42. (Please see the exhibit 2) According to the statistic and analyze, we come to summarize the opinion on the short-term and long-term current outlook for America’s brewing industry, especially with respect to its international competitors. Brewers Association announced the fact that 2,075 US craft breweries operated and 2,126 total breweries operated as of July, 2012, the highest total since the 1880s. Overall U. S. beer sales were down an estimated 1. 3% by volume in 2011, 1. 2% in 2010. Imported beer sales were up 1% in 2011 and up 5% in 2010. However, craft brewers sold an estimated 11,468,152 barrels of beer in 2011, up from 10,133,571 in 2010. These statistics suggest that imports and craft beers are in growth, while sales of main players in US beer market, such as AB InBev and MillerCoors , are declining. I assume this situation is going to last for a few years. Imports will keep increasing because a significant number of people, especially young drinks having been enjoy drinking quality beers. Craft beers are popular because the hallmark of craft beer and craft brewers is innovation and craft brewers have distinctive, individualistic approaches to connecting with their customers. In the long term, US beer companies may increase their sales by brewing imported beers in US. AB InBev began brewing Beck’s-previously imported- at St Louis brewery earlier last year. Also, though almost all craft brewers are operation at or near their full capacity, many craft brewers cannot meet growing demand. Some brewers have increased their sales by outsourcing some of production. With more craft brewers increasing investment and production, we can predict that sales of craft beers will go up more in the future. (See Exhibit 3and 4) Exhibit 1 Discount cash flow method Exhibit 2 Free cash flow method Exhibit 3US Breweries Operating as of July 1, 2012| | | Brewpubs| 1072| | Microbreweries| 922| | Regional Craft Breweries| 81| | Total US Craft Breweries| 2075| | Large Non-Craft Breweries| 22| | Other Non-Craft Breweries| 29| | Total US Breweries| 2126| | Exhibit 4.

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

Huck Finn Mrs. Williamson describes a hero’s journey as a cycle where the person is a hero from birth. This holds true for the character of Huck Finn because he fits the description of a hero in the book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. There are many different phases, or episodes that embody Huck and Luke’s journey. They both start out feeling unfulfilled with their current circumstances, Luke is unhappy living in the desert and feels that he isn’t living up to his potential. Huck is living with his aunt, and then his father who are both abusive in their own way and hinder his progress as a person. Then they both leave home and begin to view the world from a more mature perspective. Luke finds out that life consists of more than just the day to day experiences that he has had and that indeed there are many injustices taking place in the world. Such as the fact that evil people can rule others. Huck discovers this same phenomena, he escapes with Jim and begins to question a hu man’s right to own someone else. In the end they both discover their worth as men who are able to do something to influence the world around them. For example, saving the lives of thousands of people or just one slave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The period in one’s life of innocence is a starting point for many heroes. This is the time prior to the adventure he is about to embark on. Huck’s childhood consisted of childish games with his best friend, Tom Sawyer. Huck’s days were filled with games of pretend that were supposed to be actual adventures. Most of these adventures were figments of Tom Sawyer’s imagination. This is important to know since it provided the preparation Huck needed to get through the journey on the river. It gave him the tools to survive and maintain his sense of moral well-being. It is ironic, however, that the adventures Huck actually experiences are far more intense than the adventures they pretend to go on. Indeed, truth is stranger than fiction. Huck’s schooling with the widow and Miss Watson are another element of his innocent childhood. He experienced what he called the ‘civilized’ life. He was fed, wore clean clothes, and was well tak en care of. For a boy who lived for adventures and everything nature had to offer, the civilized life did not appeal to him.

Colonial history of the United States Essay

Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94) Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94)

Nursing Practice Essay

1.Describe, in detail, specific to their age, health conditions, or other factors, what resources the members need to assemble prior to a disaster where evacuation or sheltering in place is required. Every community does have its problems and every community is made up of both the young and the old. The ages of this community ranges from 0 to 70 plus. This community needs major interventions to help improve the health status of the members of the community. Spoke to about 5 members in the community, four middle adults and one old. All the four adults did not have any source of health insurance. The older one has Medicare. When a disaster strikes, residents could be asked to get a disaster kit. The kit should be able to contain water, food, extra clothing, first aid kit, emergency items (flashlights, extra batteries, toilet papers etc). Parent with babies should have pack formula, diapers, bottles; baby wipes and diaper rash ointment. 2.Describe, in detail, specific to their age, health conditions, or other factors, what resources that the members may need during an evacuation or sheltering in place. Most of the young and old may have minor mental problems as a result of the tragedy they go through (depression, etc.). Member may need to have any form of ID on them, which will be for their own good. The Texas 2-1-1(Texas Health and Human Service Commission), gives information and referral on shelter locations, transportation options, and support medical facilities. The Southern Baptist disaster relief also does provide services like American Red Cross, but also do assist with clean-up activities like debris removal. 3.Describe, in detail, specific to their age, health conditions, or other factors, what resources the members may need immediately after an evacuation or sheltering in place, if adequate local support is unavailable. It is advisable for members to have any form of ID on them that will be for their own good. FEMA provide federal funding and supplements state disaster relief. One other resource is the American Red Cross, emergency assistance of Red Cross offers feeding  stations, shelters, cleaning supplies, household items, clothing, comfort kits, first aid, blood, credit cards etc. 4.Identify their resource deficits? List their knowledge deficits? FEMA and the American Red Cross agreed that FEMA should be the primary agency for mass care in the NRF because the primary agency should be able to direct federal agencies resources to meet mass care needs, which the Red Cross cannot (Fagnoni, 2008). Now, the deficit cut being requested by most politicians in Washington is going to make it difficult for resources to be given out adequately to victims of a disaster. One of the deficits of knowledge is how to allocate given resources. Most aggregates finds it difficult or have no idea where or how to get help in time of disasters. Although every American know about Red Cross, but most aggregate do not know where to start to get the held needed. 5.What resource or knowledge gaps can be addressed by the community health nurse to strengthen their flexible lines of defense (NSM) of the community aggregate? The community health nurse can address the gaps by first offering medical help, and by helping the community to get access to basic resources needed. Secondly, by providing the community with adequate information and ways in which to help the aggregates get the help they need. This will help give aggregates some kind of comfort and help reduce stress and pain. 6.What is the top priority knowledge deficit concern? The top knowledge deficit concern will be how aggregates will be coping. Lack of knowledge always comes with lot of stress. Without much needed information and resource, aggregates will find themselves being very anxious and will not be coping well. Basic life necessities might be difficult for aggregates to get hold off, and that puts a lot of stress on individual.

buy custom Business Environment essay

buy custom Business Environment essay A price maker is a company or an individual in a market that has the power to influence the price of a certain good due to monopoly or the high quality of their product. Price makers usually do not have competitors, and if they have their products are more valued. A price taker is usually a company or an individual who does not have any influence in the market price of the goods. Most investors are usually price takers, as they have to accept the price set in the market in order to sell their products. Price takers contrasts with price makers. Roles of competitive dynamics within the context of strategic business planning Competitive dynamics is the study of how companies take actions in a market in order to gain profits or improve their products or services. These actions usually affect the industry in different ways, as companies tend to compete. One of the most pivotal roles in competitive dynamics is usually to gain profits. Companies in a monopolistic market tend to strategize to make profits just like the market leader. Profits made by the market leader usually motivate the other companies to take action, which can be termed as creative destruction. Secondly, companies will usually want to introduce a new product in a firm in order to keep the competition. When one company tends to be running he market, the others may have to introduce a new product to create competition. This new product will create curiosity among the buyers who will want to try it thus creating competition for the old product. Considerations to be made in a highly competitive environment where firms are price takers Firstly, the supply and demand of a product should be considered in a market environment, which has many price takers. Supply and demand usually determine the profit that the firm would make at the long run. An individual or a firm should not risk joining a price takers business environment that has low demand. Inflation entails the general rising of price of products in a business environment. A rise in price will always affect the purchasing power of products by the buyers. In a price takers business environment, this may be tricky and; thus, should be genuinely considered. Lastly, market policy should also be put into consideration. It is somewhat risky businesswise being a price taker. Considering this, a person should study the policies put into place before venturing into a price taker market. Considerations to be made in a highly competitive market environment where firms are price makers Firstly, the demand of the product should be considered. In aa market that has price takers, it is usually hard to convince the buyers why they should buy your product on whatever price you have set. The price makers should have the persuasive power in order to gain more customers in the market. Secondly, branding is usually an essential thing to be considered. The high competition calls for a unique branding so that you can appeal to a larger audience. In addition to branding, price makers environment needs a firm to consider high marketing of a product and create product features. Furthermore, an individual or a firm has to learn about the market needs. At some point, some market environments can be certainly resistant to change or introduction of a new product. Price makers should always consider if the buyers may need a change or not. Lastly, factoring the gross profit is essential. Gross comprises of the resulting money excluding the production cost. In a highly competitive market with price makers, one may also experience high losses due to lack of consideration of the gross margin. In conclusion, it is more advised to be your own price maker rather than the price so that you can set price anywhere on the demand curve. Various points should be considered in environments that comprise of price makers and price takers. Such include the market policy, inflation, and branding. Buy custom Business Environment essay

Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker

Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker An entertaining and theatrical speaker, John G. Diefenbaker was a Canadian populist who combined conservative politics with social justice issues. Of neither French nor English ancestry, Diefenbaker worked hard to include Canadians of other ethnic backgrounds. Diefenbaker gave western Canada a high profile, but Quebecers considered him unsympathetic. John Diefenbaker had mixed success on the international front. He championed international human rights, but his confused defense policy and economic nationalism caused tension with the United States. Birth and Death Born on Sept. 18, 1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to parents of German and Scottish descent, John George Diefenbaker moved with his family to Fort Carlton, Northwest Territories, in 1903 and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1910. He died on Aug. 16, 1979, in Ottawa, Ontario. Education Diefenbaker received a bachelors degree from the University of Saskatchewan in 1915 and a masters in political science and economics in 1916. After a brief enlistment in the army, Diefenbaker then returned to the University of Saskatchewan to study law, graduating with an LL.B. in 1919.   Professional Career After receiving his law degree, Diefenbaker set up a law practice in Wakaw, near Prince Albert. He worked as a defense attorney for 20 years. Among other accomplishments, he defended 18 men from the death penalty. Political Party andRidings (Electoral Districts) Diefenbaker was a member of the Progressive Conservative party. He served  Lake Centre from 1940 to 1953 and  Prince Albert from 1953 to 1979. Highlights as Prime Minister Diefenbaker was Canadas 13th prime minister, from 1957 to 1963. His term followed many years of Liberal Party control of the government. Among other accomplishments, Diefenbaker  appointed Canadas first female federal Cabinet minister, Ellen Fairclough, in 1957. He prioritized extending the definition of Canadian to include not only those of French and English ancestry.  Under his prime ministership, Canadas aboriginal peoples were allowed to vote federally for the first time, and the first native person was appointed to the Senate. He also found a market in China for prairie wheat, created the National Productivity Council in 1963, expanded old-age pensions, and introduced simultaneous translation in the House of Commons. Political Career of John Diefenbaker John Diefenbaker was elected leader of the Saskatchewan Conservative Party in 1936, but the party did not win any seats in the 1938 provincial election. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1940. Later,  Diefenbaker was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1956, and he served as leader of the Opposition from 1956 to 1957. In 1957, the Conservatives won a minority government in the 1957 general election, defeating Louis St. Laurent and the Liberals. Diefenbaker was sworn in as prime minister of Canada in 1957. In the 1958 general election, the Conservatives won a majority government. However, the Conservatives were back to a minority government in the 1962 general election. The Conservatives lost the 1963 election and Diefenbaker became leader of the opposition. Lester Pearson became prime minister. Diefenbaker was replaced as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada by Robert Stanfield in 1967. Diefenbaker remained a member of Parliament until three months before his death in 1979.

Discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussions - Assignment Example The future is very unpredictable and I do not plan for the predictable but also prepare for the unpredictable which I do not know when or where it will happen. In the old aged institution that I work, my decisions are based on evidence and am also led by research. This ensures that the decisions that I make are real and viable. It also ensures that the firm I work in can compete favorably in the market. I also get things done. My propulsion for doing things this way is because I am always striving to make a difference. Also, by doing this, I am able to inspire my junior workers to do the same as some of them look up to me. Getting things done when you set to do them reduces the wasting of resources. Opening new horizons by setting out to get new ways of getting things done is another of my leadership qualities (Quong &Walker, 2010). This is mainly evident by the fact that I make decisions that are based on evidence and led by research. Sustainability goes beyond the triple bottom line. It includes what people think and this is mainly concerned with some myths that are common in business organizations. These myths have been carried on from one generation to another. Such myths could have been true when the business environment was still young and premature but as of the day-to-day business environment, such myths deserve to be done away with. One of the common myths in business organizations is that the manager is more important that the other employees. The importance of the manager is tied to the position that he/she occupies. It should instead be viewed that the managers are stewards or people who offer guidance to the other junior employees. Leadership should be viewed as a teamwork kind of thing, every employee contributes towards attaining it (Harrison, 2015). There are numerous changes that are taking place and the business organization that merely concentrate on social, environmental, health and safety rules are going

Marketing communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing communications - Essay Example Marketing communications involve creating a message that is used in the marketing tools. Baker, Graham and Harker (1998, p.348) indicate that, marketing communication comprises of promotional activities for a product or service. In addition, marketing communication communicates the benefits of a service or product, and as a result, a consumer is able to weigh the options and choose wisely. Paragon Software Limited has been experiencing a decline in sales, which has promoted the CEO to implement an advertisement campaign worth ?100,000 on trade publications. However, as the company’s sales director, I feel there is need to change our marketing communication strategy, as advertising alone cannot generate sales. The following report will explain the capabilities and limitations of advertisement as a marketing communication vehicle. Recommendations on how advertisement and other communication tools can be employed in order to increase sales will be discussed as well. The Capabilit ies and Limitations of Advertising as a Marketing Communications Vehicle Capabilities Advertising is one of the marketing communication tools, reaching geographically dispersed public. ... First, advertisement enables the brand name to be well known among consumers; indeed, organizations practically advertise their products for several reasons - increasing their sales, meeting certain target, and attracting more customers among other reasons. The continuous repetition of a company’s product may create trust from the audiences. Generally, marketing effectiveness is dependent on communications effectiveness. A market is comprised of information flows. The manner in which a buyer perceives the seller’s market offers is heavily influenced by the amount and kind of information he or she has about the product offering, and the reaction to that information. Marketing relies heavily on information flows between the seller and the potential buyer; as a result, the market is filled with many organizations that use marketing communications. Therefore, marketing communication is probably the most preferred form of marketing activity that affects everyday life. Advert ising is cost effective, since it reaches many audiences; nevertheless, advertising involves huge spending. According to Frankenberger and Graham (2004, p.18), advertising is capable of creating an asset through influencing the organization’s future cash flows, and as a result, guaranteeing benefits in the future. Therefore, despite the high expenditures on advertising, the possibility of future high earnings is high. Needless to say, persuasive advertisement builds an image for an organization, and as a result, increasing sales simultaneously. Quinn (2012) adds that, advertising in a daily or weekly newspaper is beneficial, as it targets different types of customers in a section related to an organization’s operations. In addition, newspapers can be reviewed after some period, and as a

Specific problemsolving process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Specific problemsolving process - Essay Example To fail to plan is to plan to fail. As teacher, I have resources, associations and institutions to acquire the best syllabus and information. I have the contacts, connections, qualification, experience, creativity, and libraries memberships for reference and guidance. However, all these are of no use if I do not plan on their use in the course of my daily activities. My options do not exhaust with my professional resources. They extend to my personal dimension also. I have to constantly work and rework my mission goals, responsibilities, priorities, skills and abilities. I have to seek better results by my students, acquire skills and techniques to improve my communication skills, achieve promotions, keep track of my position in healthy competition, and above all fulfill my familial responsibilities. It is bound to provide me the necessary inputs and momentum to reach the top position in the institution where I work or in another similar institution. It will earn me more respect, improve my social and professional status and my earning capacity and perk, provide me more means to solve rudimentary as well as complex problems, and last but not the least, it will make me a better human being. Specific problem-solving process is an important tool for self-satisfaction and clients' satisfaction.

Economic Growth and Standards of Living

Economic Growth and Standards of Living International Marketing Tehniat Zafar Is it possible for an economy to experience economic growth as measured by GNP without rise in standard of living? Discuss. Ans: A Nation’s â€Å"GNP† Gross National product is the total amount of its economic production and resources. On the other hand, The Gross National Product amount in no way specifies the method in which this wealth or money is circulated in the economy. There are many cases in â€Å"under-developed† states like 1% of the inhabitants may or would control 80 % of the wealth as there is a large income disparity and unequal distribution of wealth. Therefore, however the economy may develop and the amount of GNP will escalate significantly. It is not necessary that the largest ratio of the people may experience an appropriate increase in their standard of living because population rate is so high in these nations. Population growth is one major problem. Nevertheless, total national income might significantly rise because there will be more workforce. The average per capita GNP will decrease if population growth is tremendously great because there is a large amount of income disparity among people. GNP measures the economic condition of the country that how the economy is towards growth. Acording to an assumption: All other things equal, A rise in GNP will read to an increase in the standard of living people aswell. Vice versa that if a nation increase its standard of living their GNP rate will increase aswell. One benefit public can benfit from higher growth rate is that the will be consuming more goods and services and it is also an economic assumption that consumption is related to utility and higher consumption in terms of theory there is greater level of prosperity. Higher growth rates results in higher tax revenues and when the tax revenues will increase the government can spend more on siginificant services like health, roads, education. It is a known fact that improved health can also lead to improved standard of living and better educational standards can promote literacy and development as education is a significant tool of welfare and prosperity. If a country’s growth rates are high the unemployment rate will also decrease as there will be more jobs. As employment is a major reason of social problems and issues but structural unemployment like due to technological changes will not decrease. Law of Diminishing returns is an economic theory, which means that the tenth unit of a good will give much less satisfaction than the first one. For example if we already have two luxury cars, will our living standards actually recover if we now have the ability to own three cars now? Frequently as economic growth expands earnings, people progressively save their wealth as this is basically because they fight to find whatever expressive to devote their wealth on and which is suitable for them Economic growth can also increase pollution. Global warming side effects are becoming a significant problem for the society. On contrary to it high economic growth can be used develop better techniques to lessen the effects of pollution and pollution itself. As there is a large amount of income disparity and unequal distribution of wealth high economic growth can cause more increased inequality because educated people will get more benefit and illiterate people will not get as much benefits as compared to educated people. Higher economic growth results in higher incomes and wages of people and because of that the crime rate increases aswell because crime is not basically related to poverty it is mostly related to theft, as you can see in the late 50’s or 60’s technological gadgets like mobiles phones and tablets were non existent and in today’s world these gadgets are the ones which mostly get stolen and these thefts are higher now. Higher growth rate will affect standard of living as the people will start to work more hours thus disturbing their personal life. They will get higher incomes but they wont be having enough time to spend it with their family with peace. As the economic growth will increase many diseases will increase aswell as you saw that in today’s standard of living obesity is a common disease as people have money and increased prosperity they avoid doing work themselves or even to cook food for their self so they just go out buy all tha fast junk food which later result in many new diseases in them. It’s a proven fact that when an economy’s growth rate rises the income increases aswell money is more available to people through employment oppurtunities when the economy is powerful people spend more money and consume more products. As a country develops, income arises, population growth shifts, expectation for a better life gets high, people’s demands arise. Economic rapidness affects the consumer behavior and in every dynamic economy consumer and consumption patterns change rapidly High standards of living is directly related to rapid economic growth as the workforce of economy will expand and they will produce more and the public will consume more so it’s a direct relationship that as production will increase consumption will increase aswell. Labor productivity increases with increasing growth rate, increased productivity helps the economy in the long run to a much greater extent then it hurts the labour force. As the productivity upsurges, so do the sum of goods and marketplaces open. Likewise, as products turn out to be less lavish, due to more well-organized manufacture techniques, the amount demanded for some of those goods also upsurges. Low developed countries are more benfited with high growth rates because they are more in need of it as developed countries. High economic growth help the nation to deal with many crucial problems of poverty, unjustice, basic facilities etc. We cannot say that economic growth is destined to bring unhappiness in fact we have to connect the potential of economic growth to make sure it really does increase the living standards of the inhabitants. A country which lacks productivity will have lower wages and income as compared to countries with higher productivity levels. High standard of living demand prosperity and for prosperity the proper system of health, care, nutrition and life expectancy must be assured. The more prosperous an economy will be the more his citizens will healthy and fit and in this way they will work for their nation more efficiently. We cannot say that prosperity stays stationary. As an alternative many nation’s over time become or less affluent. An economic boom may or may not bring prosperity to that country. Higher livings standards basically benefit majorly all the inhabitants of an economy a rapid increase in labor supply will result in labor demand aswell thus minimizing the chances of unemployment. High growth economy lead to high incentive so when the living standard of the population will increase people will more like to invest more because of the incentive the economy is offering and this will improve their standard of living more. If we take a look at the history 1950 or 1960 in USA’s rapid high growth resulted in inquality which resulted in a decrease in standard of living. Consequently, we analysed some benefits and drawbacks of economic growth for our living standards and we can observe that there is no a particular answer to that question that whether standard of living is affected with rapid growth rate or not, but I think that economic growth hints to upsurge in living standards of the people because the high economic growth can solve the most crucial and significant problems with learning and well-being or depletion of goods, products and services and these things are far more vital than an disparity or lengthier working hours for labour and working class.

The Black Plague :: essays research papers

The Black Plague Then The people of the Crimea were dying from a plague. Believing it was a foreign disease brought to their shores by Italian merchants, the people of the East got back at the Italians by exposing them to the corpses of the victims. Ships arrived from Caffa at the port of Messina, Sicily. A few dying men clung to the oars; the rest lay dead on the decks. Ships carrying the good the Italians wanted now came with the plague. Turned away from Messina, ships traveled on to Genoa and other European ports, making the disease spread to the heart of Europe. The plague came ashore with the surviving sailors and the goods stored in the ship. Florence was the first of the cities of Europe to feel the full force of the epidemic. When it was over between 45,000 and 65,000 Florentines were dead of the plague. People traveled to the countryside to escape what was happing in the cities and the plague traveled with them. People wrote to family members telling them of the spread of the plague and what to expect. Many people fled the cities only to find that the Black Death was already there. In three years time, the plague spread throughout Europe and killed so many people they had no place to bury the people who had died. People blamed the plague on ethnic groups and those people suffered from persecution. Others blamed the plague on foul winds from the east or from earthquakes. In London, when the plague reached there, it killed fifty percent of the people there and the people that remained healthy or survived the Black Death were sure that it was the end of the world. The Black Plague Now We know now that the Black Death is called the Bubonic Plague and is caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis . This Bacteria was transmitted by fleas that bit infected rats and then bit humans.

Literacy in Pakistan

â€Å"Are those equal, those who know and those who don’t know. † 1. INTRODUCTION: It is now a universally recognized fact that mass education is a pre-requisite for the development and prosperity of a country. The main priority of the developing countries, in recent years has been to foster the development and renewal of primary education and to eliminate illiteracy. Pakistan, unfortunately, like the other under developed countries, has made little progress in this aspect.Since independence, she continues to remain in the group of countries with the lowest literacy rate. Half of the world’s illiterate and 22 percent of the world’s population live in South Asia. Pakistan does not fare well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost attained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 percent in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study done by the World Bank, has attained 100 percent Gross E nrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the primary level. 2.MEANING OF ILLITERACY: For an Adult, illiteracy means primitive manual labour in agriculture and industry, uncertain employment opportunities and low wages, life-long miserable living conditions, and humiliating dependence on the literates of the community for the day-to-day civic and business interactions and deprivation in all walks of life. For adults illiteracy also means exclusion from most of economic, social and cultural activities. For the Out-of-school Children, illiteracy means forced labour, vagrancy, sickness and slavery. For Women, literacy is a survival kit and symbol of status.It means emancipation, participation in the decision making of the family and equality. 3. IMPORTANCE OF LITERACY: Illiteracy is a small pane in a large window, opening into the world of knowledge based on reading and writing as one of the earliest cultural activities of mankind. Mankind’s civilization , and its accumulation, sharing and transmission of knowledge over the centuries has been made possible by written and readable words. Every Muslim knows that the first command revealed by Allah to the Holy Prophet of Islam Muhammad (PBUH) was ‘READ’.Literacy, over the centuries, has become the lever of human progress and the leveler of social and economic conditions. It is a basic human need, and human right to knowledge. Illiteracy is brake on human development, and maps of illiteracy – poverty, underdevelopment, social discrimination and disease are always co-incident. It is a challenge to human dignity and imposes a second-class status on a person in all societies. Life without literacy is life without hope, security and freedom. 4. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE LITERACY STATUS:The literacy status of a country is determined by the following parameters: I. The existing level of literacy. II. The rate on increment of new literates. III. The volume of the educati on system’s output. IV. The demographic factors engage structure, mortality and birth rate. V. The last but not the least is the percentage of budget engaged for the education. 5. RAISING THE LITERACY RATE: Countries have succeeded in raising their literacy rates by taking the following steps: I. Universalization of primary education. II. Providing non-formal primary education facilities for out of school youth and dropouts.III. Launching countrywide programmes for adults backed by political leadership. IV. Broad involvement of various social groups, institutions, public and voluntary organizations etc. 6. ILLITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN: The picture of illiteracy in Pakistan is grim. Although successive governments have announced various programmes to promote literacy, especially among women, but they have been unable to translate their words into actions because of various political, social and cultural obstacles. Access to basic education is the right of every individual.E ducation is the most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historical biases. Education is a vehicle of nation building through which a nation’s shared interpretation of history and cultural values are reproduced across generations.At the country level, education means strong economic growth due to productive and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to higher returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The emerging global scenario offers immense opportunities and challenges, and only those nations can benefit from it, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills. There are 163,000 primary schools in Pakistan, of which merely 40,000 cater to girls. According to UNICEF, 17. 6 per cent of Pakistani children are working and supporting their families. 7.CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN: 1) Half-hearted planning and management of literacy and continuing education. 2) Limited budget. 3) Lack of reliable statistics and research researchers. 4) Weak community participation. 5) Lack of multimedia material. 6) Lack of special skilled textbook writers. 7) Poor follow up of programmes. 8) In-service teachers do not take such work seriously. 9) Dependence on foreign aid. 10) Dropout rate is high. 11) Over-crowded classrooms. 12) Panacea of private sector. 13) Outdated curriculum. 14) Problems of higher education; brain drain etc. 15) Corruption. 16) Rote learning. 7) Unfair examinations. 18) Lack of adequate facilities such as clean water, electricity etc. in the rural schools. 8. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY: 1) Over-population. 2) Low-GDP and per capita incom e. 3) Increase unskilled labour. 4) Infant mortality and maternal mortality. 5) Political instability. 6) Poor use of natural resources. 7) Heavy international debts. 8) Child labour. 9) Poor international image. 10) Low per acre agriculture yield. 11) Halting industrial growth and less trade activities. 9. PRESENT GOVERNMENT POLICY: According to World Bank Report, Pakistan’s spending on public sector education is only 2. per cent of the GDP and this is much lower than the south Asian average of 3. 6 per cent and the low-income countries’ average of 3. 4 per cent I. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): Pakistan has committed to all the International declaration to extend the agenda of providing the basic right of education to all of its citizens. Pakistan is among the signatories of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as well as the Dakar World Education Forum 2000. The Government of Pakistan has taken several policy and program initiatives to achieve these internation al goals since then.The National Plan of Action for Education for all was initiated in response to the commitment made at Dakar for World Summit. The Education Reform Action Plan (ESR), which is built upon the National Education Policy 1998-2010, is a long-term plan, with three yearly action plans. The ESR addresses the development of the overall education sector through investment in rehabilitation of schools, improving the curriculum and assessment reform system, an adult literacy campaign, mainstreaming the Madressahs, a pilot school nutrition program and technical stream in secondary schools.The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) views education as a strong policy instrument in bringing poverty down. Three main goals that are the underlying objectives of all of these programs and initiatives include universal access to primary education by increasing the net enrollment and higher rate of survival of children till grade 5, increase in the adult literacy rate and to attain ge nder equality at all levels. Currently, adult literacy rate is 53 percent; net enrollment at the primary level is 52 per cent, retention rate for 2004- 05 is noted as 61 per cent and significant gender gaps at all levels especially in the rural areas ersist. Public spending on education as a percentage of GDP is 2. 1 per cent and has approximately increased by less than one percentage point since 2000-01. II. Education Institutions and Enrollment Attainment of Universal Primary Education (UPE) has become a compelling national priority. This is a challenge that has been accepted at the highest level in the federal and provincial governments. UPE is anticipated to increase in access to education by 4%, reduction in gender disparity by 10% and enhancing primary completion rate by 5% per annum.In the past year, 2187 new primary schools were established, 1221 in the public sector and 881 in the private sector. This increase has occurred in both rural and urban areas. Statistical annexure table 9. 1 and 9. 2, show the number of the girls in the primary and middle school in year 2004-05. The expansion in the number of institutions is inconsistent with the need to provide easy access to the half the country’s school going population. The public sector was able to establish only 999 new primary schools for girls in 2004-05.The responsibility of expanding the primary and middle schools for girls has been devolved to District Governments under the devolution plan. III. Primary education Two main indicators that show the changes in the primary schooling are Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) and Net Enrolment rate (NER). The last four years have witnessed 14 percentage points increase in the gross primary enrollment which is more then 3 percentage point per annum increase on average. This increase from 72 percent in 2001-02 to 86 percent in 2004-05 is a result of targeted and resilient polices of the government.Adoption of free provision of universal basic education polic es in the provinces (except Balochistan) is gradually delivering the promised increase in the enrolment rate. In the urban areas, the GER is impressive in all provinces, ranging from 84 percent in Balochistan to 108 percent in Punjab. In the rural areas, Punjab has made a marked progress, particularly in female GER, which increased from 61 percent in 2001-02 to 82 percent in 2004-05. The Gender gap has also seen an improvement at the primary level in Punjab and has been modest in Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan. IV. Gender gapGender disparity in literacy and enrollment is one of the key concerns of the Government. Pakistan’s overall record in promoting and delivering gender equality has been weak. There are, however, areas in which significant progress has been made and indicators point to a steady though slow improvement in the ratio of girls to boys at all levels of education, the ratio of literate females to males, share of women in urban employment (as proxy indicator for sha re of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector) has improved marginally and improvement in participation of women in national decision making process.Statistics show that gender disparity has been declining since 1998-99, however the recent decline is only marginal from 26 percent in 2001-02 to 25 percent in 2004-05. Reducing gender gap in education at all level will ensure equality of opportunity and economic participation for females. Gender disparity in literacy is lower in urban areas where it is 16 percent, as compared to 29 percent in rural areas in 2004-05. In fact there has been no progress in reducing the gender gap either between the urban and rural areas or between genders in both areas. V. Public Private PartnershipThe Community Support Rural Schools Program (CSRSP) is NEF’s largest program and it encourages pilot innovations to promote education in rural areas. Notable among them are Child Friendly School Program and Education for Working Children. Cur rently, 260 schools are running under CSRSP with an enrollment of 23300 students and another 350 schools are established in 2005 supported by NORAD. Moreover, teacher training has been a significant component of CSRSP, with the goal to enable in-service community teachers to re-learn modern pedagogical principles and techniques to manage today’s classrooms. VI.Higher Education Commission Pakistan is ranked amongst the lowest in the world in higher education enrollment rates at 2. 9 percent. Other Asian developing countries, such as India and Korea, stand at 10 percent and 68 percent respectively. According to a report of the steering committee for higher education in 2001, only 2. 6 percent of the students between the ages 17-23 enrolled in universities, which have increased to 2. 9 in 2005. The target is to double enrollment in the next five years by increasing the capacity of the existing higher education institutions and also establishing new ones.The quality of education provided is not up to the mark, which can be gauged from the fact that not a single Pakistani university is ranked among the top 500 universities of the world. VII. Financing of Education in the public sector Public expenditure on education as a percentage to GDP is lowest in Pakistan as compared to other countries of the South Asian region. Pakistan spends 2. 1 percent of it’s GDP on education as compared to India which spends 4. 1 percent, Bangladesh 2. 4 percent and Nepal spends 3. 4 percent. VIII. National Education Assessment SystemNational Education Assessment System (NEAS) is a World Bank funded project with a total cost of Rs. 319. 364 million including foreign exchange component with World Bank share of Rs. 273. 110 million. The government of Pakistan is committed to improve the quality of education at all levels. The NEAS is one of the key programs of the Ministry meant to improve the quality of education at elementary level, with the objective to measure learning a chievements of grade 4 and 5 students, to develop capacity in educational assessment related activities, to institutionalization of sustainable monitoring system and information dissemination.IX. Curriculum Development The curriculum development is an on going process to respond to global challenges and emerging trends. This process has been initiated in collaboration with the federal units and provincial and regional governments (AJ&K, FATA). The present government realizing the importance of vibrant and dynamic curriculum has decided to review /revise curriculum of class 1 to 8. The committee has initiated consultative meetings to develop a curriculum reflecting the latest trends in individual subjects as well as equipping the education of the country with the requirement of today and tomorrow. 0. SUGGESTIONS: 1) A uniform education policy. 2) Ability and merit must be declared as corner stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) Removal of fake schools; 2 3000 present in whole country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High standard of academic research. 8) Removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) Removal of rote learning. â€Å"Education makes people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. † CURRENT EDUCATION SYSTEM The struggle to raise a nation’s living standards is fought first and foremost in the classrooms. † 1. INTRODUCTION: Birds and animals require teaching or training to lead a successful bird or animal life. They know how to make a home or shelter for themselves and how to keep themselves alive instinctively. The instinct of self-preservation is implanted by nature. They are given certain faculties, which develop, to their maximum level with their physical growth without much conscious efforts on their part or on the part of their parents. Not so with man.His intellectual growth depends on many outside factors and cannot attain matu rity without long and deliberate efforts on his part and on the part of his well-wishers. A forest can grow itself but a garden cannot. A flower is pretty by itself but a diamond requires a lot of cutting and polishing before it will sparkle and scintillate into thousand colours. Man is like a rough diamond and requires filling and polishing before all his faculties can function fully. Inevitably, in fact, education enables one to lead a better life physically, mentally and spiritually.Education helps iron out one’s emotions, prejudices, and idiosyncrasies to rationalize things rather objectively. This enables an individual to visualize his position in a society he lives and the world society as a whole. The process of education can be regarded as a function of five M’s namely Man, Money, method, Management and Machinery. That is the short human expression of the major variables that figure in the educational process, though social milieu, reflecting attitude of societ y towards education. 2. GLOBAL EDUCATION SCENARIO: Access to basic education is the right of every individual.Education is the most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historical biases. Education is a vehicle of nation building through which a nation’s shared interpretation of history and cultural values are reproduced across generations.At the country level, education means strong economic growth due to productive and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to higher returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The emerging global scenario offers immense opportunities and chal lenges, and only those nations can benefit from it, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills. 3. EDUCATION SCENARIO IN SOUTH ASIA: Half of the world’s illiterate and 22 percent of the world’s population live in South Asia.Pakistan does not fare well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost attained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 percent in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study done by the World Bank, has attained 100 percent Gross Enrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the primary level. 4. LITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN: (From page 25) 5. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN: (From page 25) 6. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY: (From page 25) 7. PRESENT GOVERNMENT POLICY: From page 25, 26, 27) 8. NEW SCHEME OF STUDIES: †¢ The federal education ministry on Thursday notified a new scheme of studies for classes I to XII, extending the number of annual a cademic days from 170 to 210 and making Islamiyat compulsory from class III-instead of class IV from next year. †¢ Non-Muslim students have been given the option to study ethics in place of Islamiyat. †¢ Computer education has been made compulsory from class VI. Physical training, arts and crafts, library sessions and after-school team sports have also been made compulsory. The number of academic days in a year has been increased from 170 to 210. †¢ The new scheme will be effective from 2007. †¢ Science and maths would be taught in English by 2011, it was notified. †¢ All middle schools will get computer labs within three years. Standard exams will be conducted at the end of class VIII to grant scholarships to students at the provincial and district levels. †¢ Under the new scheme, students of classes I and II will be taught Urdu, English, mathematics and general knowledge, which will include short stories from Islamic history, science and social studie s. The provinces have the discretion to use their regional languages as medium of instruction and no student will be retained in classes I and II. †¢ From class VI onwards, science, geography, history and computer education will be taught in addition to other compulsory subjects. Maths, science and computer education will be taught in English, whereas, for geography and history the medium of instruction can be Urdu or English up to 2011. †¢ For classes IX and X in humanities group, Pakistan studies and three out of 22 elective subjects will be taught in addition to Urdu, English, maths and Islamiyat.An advanced Islamic study has been introduced as an elective subject. †¢ In the science group, physics, chemistry, biology and maths will be taught in English, whereas Islamiyat and Pakistan studies will be taught in Urdu. †¢ At the higher secondary school level, there will be five academic groups — science group-I (pre-medical), science group-II (pre-engineeri ng or computer science), humanities, commerce, medical technology and home economics. †¢ In the pre-engineering group, maths, physics, chemistry or computer science will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects of Islamiyat, Urdu and English. In the humanities group, three out of 24 elective subjects, including advanced level Pakistan studies and Islamic studies etc, will be offered in addition to the compulsory subjects. †¢ In the commerce group, business maths and statistics, principles of accounting, computer skills or banking, principles of economics and commercial geography will be taught in addition the three compulsory subjects. †¢ In the medical technology group, labs, images, operation theatre, ophthalmology, physiotherapy and dental hygiene technologies will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the home economics group, food and house management, food and nutrition, home farming, clothing, child development, group behaviour, childcare and nursing will be taught in addition the compulsory subjects. 9. SUGGESTIONS: 1) A uniform education policy. 2) Ability and merit must be declared as corner stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) Removal of fake schools; 23000 present in whole country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High standard of academic research. 8) Removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) Removal of rote learning.